The discovery in the 1920s that Andromeda is a galaxy moving beyond our own opens a century of advances in astronomy. Edwin Hubble observed that the more distant galaxies have a higher redshift in the spectra of emitted light. If the interpretation of this is galaxies moving away from us then it is implied that the universe is expanding. However each galaxy’s spectrum is moved towards the red differently and absorption through intervening material is another way the emission light characteristics are comprehensible.
Distant galaxies may not be moving away from us
The earliest geological processes of the earth initiate physical and chemical interactions of life. Sun, atmosphere, water and rock minerals provide first interchanges of molecular evolution. Archaea, algae, bacteria and protists continue to develop the continuous energy exchanges for organisms to sustain their living activities.
The emergence of new species favours genetic changes that select new pathways to operate with features of the environment and with all evolving life on the planet.
Worldwide development of new species interacting with all earth environments
The discovery of sculpted mastodon bones on the north west coast of America from 1,00,000 BCE shoes the depth and strength of indigenous First Nations cultures. North Africa Arabia and the Near Middle East demonstrate through archaeological finds human development from 10,000 BCE with the first protective stronghold cities Jericho, Eridu, Ur and Lagash to steady advantageous trade routes. With the liberation of Rome free Germanic peoples commence a movement for European unification which continues through Celtic, Nordic, Friesian and Saxon initiatives. Worldwide commercial activity enables Venice, Naples, Seville and Antwerp to prosper through the Renaissance 1500s and stimulate an era of progress culminating in the human and scientific advances of the Enlightenment,
Commercial activity of free peoples and experimental physical science to comprehend the universe
Experimental discoveries of the photo electric effect, black body radiation frequencies and the atomic nucleus with orbiting electrons initiate pulses of energy as fundamental physical realities. These quanta are experimentally discovered to correlate by Chien Shiung Wu in 1949 who also verified that strong interaction energies hold the nucleus together. Experimental scientific advances continue with John Clauser, Alain Prospekt and Anton Zeilinger who confirm correlation at any distance. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN Geneva Switzerland as detected correlation of quarks and this indicates that immediate concurrence of quanta may provide the fundamental physical processes to comprehend energies of the strong interaction.
CERN Large Hadron Collider Atlas experiment detects quantum correlation of quarks