Newton’s Principia in 1687 introduced universal gravitation correlating the dynamics of all masses. In the 19th century it becomes clear that astronomical processes can be investigated by physical experimental methods with William Herschel and Joseph Fraunhofer using prisms to find out about stellar radiation and Friedrich Bessel uses stellar parallax to calculate the distance of 61 Cygni. In 1925 Edwin Hubble confirms that Andromeda is another galaxy like our own and by measuring its distance suggests the scale of the universe. All this combines together in the 21st century with the James Webb telescope observations of galaxies clusters strong gravitational lensing to find dynamical masses that come concentrating from the whole universe.
